Design for Climate Migration:
Insights and Considerations
from Fictional Storytelling and Representation
Rebecca Rhee | Masters of Design Seminar |Fall 2020
ABSTRACT
Climate migration has become an increasing topic of focus in conversations of climate change. Environmental research has increased to include migration as a growing issue of climate change. Forced migration leaves affected populations in vulnerable positions. However, there has yet to be much traction around frameworks for design to address migration. For insight into design considerations l look to fictional representations to draw from imagined prototypes of future worlds of migratory lifestyles. Analyzing the dynamic fictional representations of mobile homes and the contexts in Mortal Engines, Snowpiercer, Mother of Inventions, and Howl’s Moving Castle, they present the advantages and disadvantages of migration. The findings provide a framework of ideas to consider like the risk of perpetuating of rigid social structures, reframing the perception of migration and considerations into designing for adaptability.
INTRODUCTION
There is a growing concern about the rise of natural disasters and the effects on population displacement or forced migration. Experts and most notably, Professor Norman Myers, have claimed that by 2050 an estimated 200 million to 1 billion people will be at risk of forced migration due to climate concerns [Tacoli, 2009] [Brown, 2008]. In the event of extreme weather, massive groups are left without many alternatives and are forced to leave the familiarity of their homes. Which leave people more vulnerable due to the uncertainty of the impact. Affected communities are left to rely on the coordination of bipartisan support, investments, and host communities for assistance [Levine et.al, 2007]. But what alternatives can be offered? More specifically what can designers contribute to address this dilemma.
Climate Change and the impacts on population displacement
According to the 2019 United Nations General Assembly Press Release, there are 11 years left to prevent permanent negative effects due to climate change. Worldwide, the compressed timeline has already affected massive populations. In the United States, the country had experienced 85 major and costly disasters in the last 6 years. Each costing more than a billion dollars’ worth of damage and recovery [Smith, 2020]. In 2005, after Hurricane Katrina, it was estimated that over one million people were displaced [Smith, 2020]. Failure in the lack of effective preventative and financial aid measures to alleviate stress from potential disasters impacted recovery efforts in cities like New Orleans. Which caused the population to fall by half in the following year [Gibbons, 2019].
Earlier this year, a New York Times article reported that an estimated 90,800 residents in Irvine were forced to evacuate due to the Silverado and Blue Ridge Fires. California, having experienced consecutive major wildfires have taken an exhausting emotional and psychological toll on affected residents. Experts have predicted that wildfires will continue to get much worse which means prolonged recovery timeline and budget. But studies have shown that people are eager to return home to a state of normalcy [Tacoli, 2009]. To a time, unaffected by disaster, where the damage is no longer visible.
Social Effects of Climate Change
However, the damage left by climate disasters is not always visible. There are effects that are often ignored by political outreach like the social divide that is worsened through harrowing events. When large populations are impacted by harsh weather conditions, disproportionately affected certain groups such as minorities, homeless, and elderly communities [Levine et. al, 2007]. Almost 12 years after Hurricane Katrina, a Washington Post article written by Nakesha Elise Williams covered the disproportionate impact the hurricane had on Black and impoverished communities. The federal government launched a program called the Road Home Program that was responsible for disbursing aid to Louisiana citizens [Williams, 2020]. Financial aid was given based on either the home value before the storm or the cost of damage. This created a biased evaluation system that disadvantageously provided certain communities with minimum funding compared to their wealthier counterparts who received close to maximum aid of $150,000 [Williams, 2020]. This left underprivileged communities to rely on non-profit charities for additional relief.
Hurricane Katrina is only one example of climate change having social effects but it’s not an isolated event. It is also a reflection of the biases and rigid social and political hierarchy that poses a barrier that needs to be broken. Provisions and solutions need to be multi-faceted where the sole reliance is not limited to Institutions or governmental powers. Failures in the lack of effective measures have shown is that issues of climate change and migration is a vast and complex issue that requires multiple lenses. Lenses that look at leveraging past, present, and future climate data to ideate concepts like adaptable living. There is a need to use methods and practices in design or research in multi-disciplinary teams to look at climate change and the intersectional effects. The skillsets and multiple lenses that designers and researchers alike possess should be directed to provide viable alternatives that address stressors like the loss of home and the social vulnerability that directly follows.
Existential Design for Climate Migration
Existential design touches on approaches of human co-existence with non-human elements. Several of the points made by Anne Light et al. [2010] that I think are crucial considerations to take away, is the practice of noticing. To have a margin of effectiveness, designers should pay attention to the changes that have happened and will happen. In doing this, we might realize other facets that could benefit from design like issues of climate migration. It calls for designers to anticipate and adapt in order to provide society with the ability to do the same. It is of course, easier said than done. But to state the obvious, climate is unpredictable, at best we can only hypothesize and imagine futures. The issue of climate crisis is hard to grasp, but through design, we can begin to tease apart the facets that are tangible and start discourse for migration design. A way to address this could start by examining the relationship and influence that home has with humans.
Home as Agency
Home is a phenomenon that is both rich and complex. It is often represented in the image of idealism. Depending on context, it can be a symbol of belonging [Moore, 2000][Somerville. 1992], a reference to birthplace [Moore, 2000], to childhood, a symbol for the end of a journey [Moore, 2000]. In the physical sense, it affords privacy, shelter, security, a place to sleep. The relationship between humans and home is usually taken to mean a physical place. House and home are sometimes interchangeable. Somerville [1992] argues they are quite different, that home is an ideology that exists beyond materiality. But according to Moore [2000], many researchers argue that home is defined by the emotional relationship humans have to the physical form. In The Theory of Place Attachment, it is argues that the satisfaction, evaluation and identity that forms through owned objects are conduits for this developing bond people have with homes [Moore, 2000]. It is through these emotional attachments that positioning the concept around homes and adaptable housing could be an effective steppingstone into viewing migration through other lenses.
RELATED WORKS
Futuristic Living Spaces
As designers, what other avenues do we divert our attentions? What can design offer as alternatives that could potentially mitigate the effects of migration? In this paper I consider looking into adaptable mobile homes and identify possible design practices as an alternative avenue. The concept of adaptable structures is not new. There are existing patents for modular homes that can be deployed in a matter of hours. At MIT, a recent apartment project utilized AI and kinetic architecture to design a space that shifted based on the user’s needs. The MIT projects reveals that adaptable architecture is possible. Society is not so far off from having adaptable smart homes [MIT News, 2018].
Other studies surround adaptable housing have focused on the driving factors of future climate change to construct homes that dually accommodate for exterior changes while having considerations the inhabitants needs [Kiannane et. al, 2017]. In this study, the group analyzes a case study home that was built from exterior to interior with adaptation in mind. Where every aspect, from top to bottom has features designed in to allow future expansion or flexibility to include additional adjustments. Furthermore, the research group uses future predictions of climate change to leverage further improvements like solar shading to prevent situations of overheating due to rising temperatures [Kiannane et. al, 2017]. Ultimately the argument is made that due to climate predictions, it is imperative that buildings like homes are designed with adaptability to maintain ease and comfort against harsh rising or falling temperatures.
Archigram: A Walking City
Beyond real world cases, fiction is abundant with speculative homes design. Homes that move or shrink at will. An example of related works that explore the impossible was an avant-garde group called Archigram. Archigram existed between 1961–1974, the group of architectures used technology such as modular designs as a way to inspire imagined new realities [Rowlings, 2018]. They explored concepts and experimented with ideas of how technology could change and impact surrounding environments. One notable project that I wanted to touch upon was Ron Herron’s concept called ‘A Walking City’.
Herron’s design was formed around a world that has been affected by nuclear damage and ideated how human life could co-existed and take refuge to avoid the effects of the damage [Rowlings, 2018]. Inspired by insects and machinery, he drew walking robotic city like pods that migrated and used ‘way stations’ to collect resources wherever they went [Rowlings, 2018]. Part of the belief was the idea that cities needed the ability to adapt to change. And while certainly in this moment such structure seems implausible, they provide insight that still connect to reality.
Home on the Road: Tiny Home Campervans
Since the start of the Tiny Home movement, there’s been an increased motivation of individuals or couples attempting to build their own personalized tiny homes that are both economical, sustainable and, in some cases, mobile. Economical because it often means that owners don’t have to worry about building codes in addition to DIY building many of the features, allows for low budget production. Additionally, with the added benefit of mobility, owners are possibly exempt from property tax and instead must follow RV laws which stipulate specific dimensions and perimeters [Murphy, 2014].
What is fascinating about tiny homes is that it has become a phenomenon that inspires anybody to try their hands at converting small structures like sprinter vans with cozy or even luxurious interiors that are almost enviable to the outsider. There are a multitude of blogs [Morton, 2018] and YouTube videos that document step by step videos that make designing tiny homes largely accessible. Some have built homes out of shipping container and others have refurbished vans [Morton, 2018]; they can also have adaptable features that expand and contract to reveal hidden spaces or adjust to the owner’s needs. The design of these tiny homes is only limited by the builder’s capabilities. The intimacy in the process of building a personalized space connects to the ideologies of home with the added advantage of transporting it anywhere. It becomes an embodiment of the inhabitant’s ideal expectations and a representation of their identity. Mobile tiny homes present an opportunity that could act as a prototype to larger concepts of adaptable mobile homes.
Fictional Representations
What is the value and connection of Design and fiction? In Design Fiction: A short essay on design, science fact and fiction, Julian Bleeker draws on the cyclical relationship of science fact and fiction and arguing the position of design in relationship to this connection. Design fiction practice in particular in some ways is used to embody ideas that are both imaginary and realistic in nature [Bleeker, 2009]. A way to envision the future using imagination that draws from reality. But what makes the relationship, so cyclical is that each informs the other. Science fiction draws from fact and fact draws inspiration from fiction [Bleeker, 2009]. Science fiction can be seen as a prototype of what could be possible or explored. Bleeker [2009] argues that science fiction is a cultural form that imagines and reflects all the possibilities of future worlds. It is to be understood that there is a strong relationship and the influence between fiction and fact, then it is reasonable to draw insights from fictional representations of mobile homes and how the authors imagined the contexts in which made these homes necessary.
In this essay, I will be comparing fictional works that include Mortal Engines, Snowpiercer, Mother of Inventions, and Howl’s Moving Castle and their interpretations of home and it is contextually. Each of the representations discussed in this paper are developed through different contexts and worlds. While each have different storylines, the commonality throughout is the underlying relationship of home and the surviving of human existence. Each positions the concept of homes differently in connection with social structures and the characters themselves. On some levels, this will also help to analyze the social contexts of the effects mobile homes could possibly present for futures that seem only imaginary at best.
Though these worlds are imaginative, Bleeker [2009] argues that these worlds can be seen as reflections and prototypes of what society is like and could potentially become. But it is not just the context that matters, it is also about the considerations that each author had when designing these moving environments. Understanding the relationships humans have to home and migration through these examples, and the context in which these narratives live in, we can distill considerations and higher-level frameworks for design approaches.
FINDINGS
Mortal Engines
Though not the most compelling film adaptation of the book, Mortal Engines is set during a post war era where civilization is on the edge of existence. Unstable environments caused by earthquakes, active volcanoes and other environmental instabilities gave way to the necessity of traction cities. Society has been structured by an evolved form of Darwinism’s theory, adopted as Municipal Darwinism [Traction Cities, 2020]. Size and agility play a powerful role in how these moving civilization offers better advantages to their predecessor static settlements. Social class structures are still prominent and organized within each city. The largest and most powerful cities are known as ‘urbivores’ or urban eaters [Traction Cities, 2020]. They prey on smaller cities and towns by using their mechanical jaw like features to capture and reel them in for their resources, fuel, and labor [Traction Cities, 2020].
Mobility in this world allows inhabitants to continue avoiding danger but it also due to the lack of natural resources that many must rely on their size and force to take it from others. A sense of stability is gained through constant migration and through shear strength in size.Through Mortal Engines we can understand how advantageous it is to maintain the ability to migrate. While in this context mobility is honed as both a weapon and a defense, it presents evidence of the ability to maintain human existence. But it is equally important to recognize the continued rigid class structures and inequality of afforded access to provisions is reflective of the biases of socio-political policies. Designers should consider designs that focus on the defensive aspect of moving homes like durability to withstand harsh conditions. However, it must also be acknowledged the greater risks and responsibilities of potential abuse of these designs.
Snowpiercer
Based on the “La Transperceneige” a French graphic novel, Snowpiercer is placed in a seemingly near-distant future where earth has been plunged into an Ice Age [Bong, 2013]. After a failed attempt for humanity to mitigate the worsening of global warming, earth is left in sub-zero conditions and extinction of all lifeforms [Bong, 2013]. As a last solution a wealthy industrialist builds a high-speed train to withstand being in constant motion and travels around the globe, never stopping. Nearly 20 years after staying confined inside the train, the inhabitants relegated to the back who are afforded the least, are at the peak of their frustrations. In retaliation for the unjust system the inhabitants start a revolt [Bong, 2013].
The train is a 10-mile-long structure that consists of a blend of industrial steel, complex engine systems and futuristic technology. Encompassed in a formidable and indestructible metal exterior, houses a micro-society separated by distinct class-structures. The train relies on perpetual motion to supply constant energy to power every aspect like lighting and essential heating systems. This also powers the high-tech gates that prevent inhabitants from any class, but especially the lower class, from entering the middle- and upper-class levels. The back of the train or the lower-class cars are cold and bare. They are primarily composed of worn and rusted steel that resemble luggage cars, that is cramped with little warmth. This portrays a stark contrast to the luxury that is given to the upper-class inhabitants. Where the upper class has a paradise of their own, almost worlds apart from their lower-class counterparts. From aquariums, spas, and lounges, the wealthy are provided the ultimate comfort with no hint of industrial steel or reminders of their current lifestyle.
What Snowpiercer does really well is illustrates a future that is not too far off from the current climate of society. The preface of the story started in 2014 that worked to tie reality to this semi-fictional future in 2031. By semi-fictional, I refer to the underlying themes in Snowpiercer that are reflective to how society is structured currently. The gates used to essentially cage the lower-class, physically embodies the invisible structures that divide us. It’s reflective of the failure of comprehensive provisions and rights to underprivileged communities who sometimes must rely heavily on the capabilities of others. Snowpiercer also demonstrates the tensions that are revealed when migration is forced and the potential for solutions that lack more humanitarian qualities, instead focuses on functionality and survival.
Mother of Invention
Having a choice, an alternate route, is key to positioning the concept of adaptable mobile homes. When choice is taken, it greatly impacts how people cope with unstable events. In the short story Mother of Invention, set in an imagined Afro-futuristic city, New Delta, Niger, the protagonist Anwuli is faced with a difficult choice of leaving behind her only home, or her respect as she refers to it. Due to shifting climate change, the pollen from lab made periwinkle grass and flowers have caused severe allergy seasons [Okorafor, 2018]. Anwuli stubbornly ignores the pleas of both her doctor and AI home named Obi 3 and remains to hopefully survive the oncoming pollen tsunami and the fatal repercussion of Izeuzere (‘sneeze’ in Igbo [Okorafor, 2018]). But to Anwuli, the former is not even a choice, while her neighbors and her family have turned their backs on her the house is the last piece of dignity that she can hold onto and is stubborn to leave.
This house or Obi 3 as it is called, obi which means ‘home’, is an AI smart home that operates and speaks through a set of 3 sleek drones [Okorafor, 2018]. The structure is built on top of a former swampland and rests atop a set of beams that lift and lowers the home, it rotates and transforms, it repairs and improves upon itself all without the command of Anwuli [Okorafor, 2018]. Obi 3 is the very essence of an autonomous and adaptable smart home. The attachments are primarily motivated by the fallout between her and her married lover, but also because Obi 3 was her and her baby’s only companion for the 9 months [Okorafor, 2018]. She fears, above all else, that if she leaves, she will lose the right to return to the house. By the end of the story, we learn that Obi 3 understood Anwuli well enough to anticipate the need to adapt itself and become mobile.
The biggest key takeaway is the relationship that Anwuli has to her home. Anwuli gives us an example of the motivations that support exploration into enabling affected households to maintain their abilities to stay home while seeking safety away from dangerous situations. Anwuli’s situation is not completely unlike those that are impacted by climate change. The connection she had to obi and all that it represented made it impossible for anyone to convince her to leave. But this attachment speaks to many, whether home is encompassed in walls or claimed property, the bonds that tie people to home are what offers peace of mind. It is important to attend to the needs of the inhabitant as much as it is to the structure.
Howl’s Moving Castle
In the Studio Ghibli adaptation of Diana Wynn Jones’ Howl’s Moving Castle, the protagonist Sophie searches for Calcifer, the wizard who resides in the infamous moving castle after being cursed by a witch. Throughout the film, Sofie learns a lot about Calcifer and the magic behind the castle which is operated by a flame called Howl. She discovers many features like the door that opens portals to other cities, time and the illusion of appearing as a stationary shop within these cities. Through a centralized power, the castle is able to expand or shrink. But more than the features of the place, it is a manifestation and reflection of Calcifer. Like himself, a pile of emotional and mental mess, the castle is equally as messy. But the influence of the character Sophie literally tears apart this junk yard fortress and transforms it into a home.
Analyzing the castle, we have this continued advantage of mobility, where it allowed the characters to avoid or escape from danger. Although it enabled Calcifers cowardly behavior, it allowed Calcifer time for his character to grow. Beyond the obvious, this concept of the home reflecting the inhabitant’s identity, points back to Somerville [1992] and Moore’s [2000] analysis of home embodying their identity. What really compelling about this castle structure was the last transformation of the castle. The castle no longer looked like a junk yard that was purely a utilitarian escape vehicle, but transformed into a paradise [Somerville, 1992] that made migration not so much of a necessity but a choice. Interestingly, this transformation also shows potential ideas around sustainable features like the potential to grow the inhabitant’s own resources. Designing for migration must also consider how inhabitants’ lifestyles while traveling, the ways they can sustain themselves, and the accessible resources.
DISCUSSION
Each of the findings have presented unique situations and dynamic designs for adaptable mobile homes. The motivations and the relationships. Analyzing the findings and distilling the important aspects, we can begin to identify considerations as frameworks for future designs.
Reframing Migration and the Perception
In order to design for migration, the perceptions of migration need to shift. Currently governments and environmental specialist, climate migration is primarily viewed as a crisis that needs to be solved. But alternatively, this can be seen as an adaptive response to the change. Part of Archigrams philosophy is that cities need to adapt to changing environments or there’s potential to destroy itself. In essence this reflects Tacoli’s [2009] view that migration is actually beneficial and results in better response to environmental deterioration. It is how we tend to perceive migration that influences the type of responses we have. But reframing migration as more of an adaptive response requires discourse. There is a need for artifacts that probe discussions outside of policy makers and push for general society to question environmental responses to climate change and migration.
Design to facilitate for migration
The argument that Tacoli [2009] makes in her essay is that migration builds resilience to risks of climate change. But humans can only become resilient if they have the right tools. Forced migration is stressful, designing to facilitate this transition is an important step to easing the tensions from the impact. Through research [Tacoli, 2009] [Levine, 2007], the time it takes to recover can be greatly impacted depending on multiple factors. The seemingly temporary displacement inevitably is drawn out far longer than anticipated. In considering ideas like mobile tiny houses, how can design translate this into viable alternatives to facilitate migrations? Design in collaboration with intersectional support can give the tools to prepare the transition into situations such as forced migration and easing the emotional, mental and physical toll.
Design for the ability to adapt
One of the major factors that proved to be an advantage in particular some of the representations illustrated how the ability to be adaptable and equally live-in adaptable environments helped to ease the alarming situation into a more manageable spectrum. When situations become more manageable humans are able to respond more appropriately and effectively. The concept of design like adaptable and mobile homes, where humans don’t rely on the need to be stationary to feel stability. When humans are able to hold onto some familiarity, it makes adjusting to unknown situations less frightful. Additionally, understanding past, present and future data around climate change would provide the necessary information to influence adaptive design and response.
Beware of the pitfalls of oversimplification
Each facet of climate migration is vast and complex. None of these issues can be looked at with a singular lens. While mobile homes as a response to migration is one concept of many possible outcomes, it important to note that this should not be the only alternative considered. Part of the themes that stood out as an effect is social divide and the dynamics of power that were at play. Snowpiercer showed that focusing on just the utilitarian aspects of migration lacked the consideration and the ability for humans co-exist. In prioritizing functionality, it diverts necessary attention from the more nuanced aspects of migration.
CONCLUSION
Ultimately more research is needed surrounding the effects migration has on climate change. While the discussion points are not solutions, they attempt to provide a starting point for future designs and considerations around migration. Whether migration is a crisis or a human adaptive response to the changing climate is a subject that could benefit from different multiple lenses. It is an effect that has become a rising focus in environmental discussion. If the 2050 prediction is to be held by governments and environmental specialists, then isn’t this indicative of the need for more intersectional focused discourse on human existence adapting to a future of migration. Like any complex issues, interdisciplinary teams have the advantage to provide multiple ideas that cover multiple facets of climate migration. There is potential and there is urgency for design to participate in the conversations around migration.
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